Multi Agency and Intergrated Working

Multi-agency working and integrated working are extremely important as it benefits the child, their family and the practitioners in a huge way. Definitions of these ways of working are below. Multi-agency Working – This is where practitioners from different services and professions come together to provide integrated support for children and families with additional needs. Integrated Working – this is where different services, agencies, professional and practitioners work together to put the child at the centre to help improve their lives and met their needs and offer effective care for the child. Integrated working and multi-agency working delivers better outcomes for the children and families as there is a broad range of knowledge, skills and professions all trying to do their best for the child. More ideas and opinions and record sharing will allow us to achieve the best possible outcomes for the child. To make sure the outcomes for the child are to be positive we must make sure that all parties understand what information can be shared and about the importance of confidentiality. External agencies There are many external agencies that we may meet that are brought in to support a child and their family. Some may work in their own setting and some are integrated into children centre and schools. Below is a list of some of these agencies and a brief description of their roles. Speech and Language Therapists – are employed by the local primary care trust and support individual children and their families. A referral can be made by a gp/health visitor and an awareness raised by a setting. They will work closely with the family and the setting. Educational psychologists – are employed by the local authority and will give support to children with specific learning or psychological needs. They require a referral from the setting. Physiotherapist – are employed by the local primary care trust and will support children with a specific physical need. A referral is required either from a health professional or a setting. Play specialist – May work with social services supporting children in difficult a family situation or can support children in a hospital setting. Behavioural support service – are part of the local authority and works in partnership with schools to help promote positive behaviour. They work within a framework of inclusion and also provide effective support to pupil, parents and schools where behaviour is a concern and may effect the child’s achievement. Social workers – employed by social services and may also be attached to a children’s centre, they will support children and their families to help family issues involving health need, poverty, bereavement etc. and also help to improve their housing. Common barriers to multi-agency working and integrated working There are many common barriers to multi-agency working and integrated working, these barriers will affect the outcome to the child. Some of the common barriers are explained below. Professional status and professional pride – this is where people who are highly trained/qualified, find it hard to cope with being managed/lead by a person with different/lower qualifications. Different professional priorities – all professionals deal with risks, situations and priorities in different ways and orders they may not agree with others. Language and terminology – all professionals use words, phrases and abbreviations that relate to their area of expertise and other professionals who work in different areas/specialities will not understand these. Poor communication skills – information may not be shared by all, poor methods of communication and people not receiving information/communication is a big issue. For example if information is shared by email and two workers don’t have email they will not receive the information. It is important to remove these barriers from the start before they become an issue and affect the outcome. The key to this is to put in place a lead professional. This person would co-ordinate communication, they will act as the point of contact for the child and family. The lead professional will need to set rules and discuss things such as people preferred method of communication as we are not all the same and the lead professional must make sure they use each persons preferred method. The lead professional must also ensure that all people have a copy of the rules and ensure that if any jargon/terminology is used it is first explained to the group, all these things will help prevent barriers and ensure a good outcome for the child and their family. Referrals between agencies Within the setting it may become necessary to refer a child to another professional for additional support, for example if it has been noticed that a child of 3 is having issues which speech that he cannot say many words and the ones that are said are not clear, then the child would benefit from support from speech and language therapist then a referral is needed the setting would follow the steps below to make the referral.First of speak with the parent/carer/child about the issue and gain consent to make the referral.Next you would need to identify the service/agency who you want to refer to.Then you would need to contact the agency and discuss the situation before making the referral. We do this to make sure the agency can offer the most suitable service/support that is needed.Next follow the agency’s referral procedure completing all necessary paperwork and return by referral deadline if required. Always keep a copy of the referral.Follow up the referral and find out the d ecision. Common Assessment FrameworkIn the Children Act 2004 and Every Child Matters it is outlined that the Common Assessment Framework (CAF) is a way ensuring early intervention for a child before they reach a crisis point. CAF is a shared assessment and planning framework in all areas of England and Northern Ireland to be used by all practitioners working in children’s services. The main aim of CAF is to make sure that a child’s additional need is identified early and to ensure that agencies work together to meet the additional needs of the child. The CAF consist of four main partsA pre-assessment checklist to help decide who would benefit from a common assessment.A process to enable practitioners in the children and young people’s workforce to undertake a common assessment and then act on the result.A standard form to record the assessment.A delivery plan and review form. The assessment covers three domains: development of the child or young person; parents and carers; and family and environment.The CAF can be used on children from 0 to 19 years and also 19 to 24 years where necessary, and any professional, parent or even child can request that a CAF is undertaken. As with a normal referral you need consent to do a CAF either from the parent, carer or the child. There are four main stages in completing a common assessment  Identifying needs early.Assessing those needs.Delivering integrated services.Reviewing progress I have completed a mock CAF form (enclosed) to show how the form is to be completed.

Doctor Zhivago For The Most Part Was Set During The Time...

Summary, context of the era depicted, description of major social, economic, or cultural forces in the era and how the film addressed nature of the era: Doctor Zhivago for the most part was set during the time of World War I , spans the Russian revolution and civil war. It also moves through the â€Å"terror of the thirties†, where the main character Doctor Zhivago was able to survive through all of it, and ends in the mid-1940s (Howe, 2013). The movie starts and ends in the late 1940s to early1950s and opens with KGB Lieutenant General Yevgraf Zhivago trying to search for the girl that was the child of Doctor Yuri Zhivago and Lara. Yevgraf brings in a young girl, Tonya Komarova, who he thinks may be his niece and he begins to tell her the†¦show more content†¦The movie moves to Lara who is told to go to a dinner in her mother’s place because she had a fever just before they were to leave. She went with Victor Komarovsky, a friend of her mother s. Lara is apparently Victor’s niece but that was not made to be an important factoid. Victor is a powerful and rich figure in Russian society just based on his c omments like â€Å"do you have any idea how expensive this meal is?† Earlier in the movie, a reformer named Pasha Antipov is passing out fliers to a crowd. The fliers are for a peaceful rally that is pushing for a revolution. That night after Lara comes home from dinner with Victor Komarovsky, Pasha Antipov, who we find out later is going to marry Lara, comes to Lara’s house after being injured by the Cossacks who came out to forcefully stop a peaceful protest. Pasha goes to Lara because he needs help treating the cut on his face. There is a bit of foreshadowing when they grab the bottle because later on Lara s mother finds her messing out with Victor Komarovsky and tries to use what was in the bottle to commit suicide. Victor Komarovsky sends a letter to get assistance from the doctor but he sends it to a doctor who was really far away. When the letter arrives, Zhivago just happens

I Have A Dream and the Civil Rights of African Americans

Through the years of history we find ourselves wondering how the colored people first got their freedom from the whites and how they stopped the racial segregation. There was one important man in history, which helped us see the hope to win the freedom for the colored people. Martin Luther King was a Civil Rights Activists, he who had a dream one day to free the colored people from the whites and to change the outlook on how people see the colored, he also had a dream of every man is born and created equally despite the different skin colors. The man who once said: â€Å"I Have a Dream Today†(3) has proven his dream to help the rest of us live out our lives with equal rights and the same amount of freedom equally for everyone despite the color of skin that we were born with. He was the only person along with Rosa Parks to stop the racial segregation not just in one country but around the world, they have both given history the meaning along with many others who have helped cha nged the world for the better. I Have a Dream speech on this day sometime in March in Washington is known as the single most important Civil Rights rally in history. It served as a sign to the Civil Rights act of 1964 and the Voting Rights act of 1965. Martin Luther King was shot and killed when he was 39 by a man named James Earl Ray on April 4, 1968. About two hundred thousand people marched at his funeral march. Dr. King’s speech did not comprehend any politics or detailed plans or programs of any sort,Show MoreRelatedMartin Luther King Jr.1332 Words   |  6 PagesMartin Luther King Jr. was a leader in the Civil Rights Era, advocating for the Civil Rights Act’s passage and eventually passage of the Voting Rights Act in the 1960s. In his capacity as a Civil Rights leader, MLK delivered his famous â€Å"I have a dream† speech after the march for Civil Rights in Washington, D.C. His speech was delivered on August 28th in front of the Lincoln Memorial. In his s peech, MLK made sure to emphasize the hope that many African Americans had in the United States. Furthermore,Read MoreMartin Luther King Speech Analysis989 Words   |  4 Pagesof time. His words sparked change for an entire nation and was an enormous factor in contributing to the African American Civil Rights movement. During the time of Martin Luther King Jr’s speech, the country was in a great state of distress regarding equal rights and equal opportunity for people of color. Riots, protests, and chaos seemed to be taking over the country as African Americans began to demand their deserved equality. Martin Luther King Jr stepped up through all the madness going onRead MoreI Have A Dream By Martin Luther King Jr.983 Words   |  4 Pageswho fought for the rights of African-American. During the late 1950s and early 1960s, America was on the brinks of collapsing towards a civil right war. Leaders were across the United States creating factions of people. However, King J r. was not an ordinary leader. He was a man with a dream. A dream that he constantly, throughout his speech, is talking about. A dream where there is no discrimination among people and freedom is equal for everyone. In his speech, â€Å"I Have a Dream†, Martin Luther KingRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of I Have A Dream Speech923 Words   |  4 Pagesyears to come. Dr. King wrote his â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech for the March on Washington for which he presented his speech in front of thousands of Civil Rights protesters and activists. In this exhortation, Dr. King beats down the issues of human rights, Jim Crow laws, and racism with the rhetorical strategies of metaphors, anaphoras, and ethos. In King’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech, metaphors are used to illuminate the struggles of African-Americans gaining equal rights and the oppression they feel throughRead MoreCivil Rights/Secret Life of Bees986 Words   |  4 Pagesvery first African Americans arrived in America, coming over for the purpose of forced slavery. It’s been nearly four hundred years since then and African Americans are still not treated completely equal. But throughout the years major steps towards equality have been made and as a whole the United States is close to reaching this goal. The first key action taken was abolishing slavery in 1865, but African Americans didn’t start gaining equal rights until 1955 during the Civil Rights Movement. TheRead MoreThe Era Of Freedom : A Generation After The Emancipation Proclamation1599 Words   |  7 PagesThe Era of Freedom A Generation after the Emancipation Proclamation, banned slavery, African Americans were trapped in a country full of harsh discrimination, and humiliation. The twentieth century brought an era that changed the lives of every African Americans across the U.S. The Civil Rights Movement, a movement to sees the cruelty that every African American faced on a daily bases, was one of the greatest events that took a step into a direction that no one would ve imagined during theRead MoreMartin Luther King, Speech Research1572 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction- English, speech I have a dream was one of the most powerful and influential speeches of all time, it not only created the realisation that the Negro was not free, it persuaded that of white people to make a change for the benefit of the African Americans. The African American civil rights movement was creeping forward but two individuals created a greater atmosphere for the reinforcement of the movement, sure William Wilberforce abolished the slave trade for Britain in 1807, and thatRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. is unarguably the most famous civil rights900 Words   |  4 Pagesunarguably the most famous civil rights activist in American history. His story and legacy is taught in classrooms across the country. From birth to death, Dr. King impacted the lives of many people and changed the roles of society forever. Dr. King had one big dream and what shaped his dream begins in Atlanta,, Georgia, and ends in Memphis, Tennessee. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was born into a loving and caring family on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia. As an African American, he attended many segregatedRead MoreThe Rhetorical Analysis Of Martin Luther Kings Speech895 Words   |  4 PagesMartin Luther King was a Baptist minister and social activist who spent countless years, fighting for a civil rights. It was on the date of August 28th, 1963, on the steps of the Lincoln memorial is where King made his leap of faith and spoke out on the injustice of African Americans. His dream for African Americans to be equal, appealed to the emotions of his audience. The desire to live a civil life and not be oppressed was felt by many. Martin Luther King delivered a speech that would immenselyRead MoreMartin Luther King And King Remembered By Malcolm X Analysis804 Words   |  4 Pagespublic high schools unconstitutional. A few years later, the Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act for African Americans were passed. During, these ye ars civil and economic rights were being diligently fought for. The unity of all African Americans regardless of their religion, political views, or social was being encouraged. Speeches and rallies also took place to end racism and instill equality. There is no doubt any of this would have been accomplished without the help of notable activists Martin

William Faulkner’s As I Lay Dying and in Virginia Woolf’s...

William Faulkner’s As I Lay Dying and in Virginia Woolf’s A Mark on the Wall - Subjective Narratives in Modernist Texts Like many other modernist texts, William Faulkner’s As I Lay Dying employs many unreliable narrators to reveal the progression of the novel. One of the most interesting of these narrators is the youngest Bundren child, Vardaman. Like the rest of his family, Vardaman is mentally unstable, but his condition is magnified due to this lack of understanding of life and death. Because he doesn’t grasp this basic concept, Vardaman’s attempts to understand his mother’s death are some of the most compelling aspect of the novel. Over the course of the book, Vardaman attempts to rationalize his mother’s death through†¦show more content†¦He then reasons that â€Å"he,† or Peabody, is the one who has done this to Addie and retaliates: â€Å"He kilt her. He kilt her† (Faulkner, 54). Like the other Bundren narrators of this novel, Vardaman often uses the word â€Å"it† in his narratives instead of fully enumerating his intent. This pa ssage is no exception; especially when Vardaman is describing Peabody leaving Addie’s room. This confusion with presence and being is continued in Vardaman’s second narrative where he tries to associate Addie’s death with other deaths he has experienced in the past – of rabbits and possums: I thought it was her, but it was not. It was not my mother. She went away when the other one laid down in her bed and drew the quilt up. She went away. â€Å"Did she go as far as town?† â€Å"She went further than town.† â€Å"Did all those rabbits and possums go further than town?† God made the rabbits and possums†¦Why must He make a different place for them to go if she is just like the rabbit. (Faulkner, 66) This passage shows that Vardaman has never learned about death, and simply lied to when things died –â€Å"they went to town.† These lies only perpetuate his irrational logic regarding Addie’s death. As this particular narrative progresses, Vardaman determines that Addie is not a rabbit or a possum because she is in the coffin (box) and â€Å"Cash nails the box up,† signaling that she is not going to town,

Archeological Models for Social Classifications Free Essays

string(60) " installed at the location \(Alcock, 1968 , Alcock, 1969\)\." 1. Introduction The Cadbury Castle and the surrounding area was developed in the later Bronze and Early Iron age and has been developed around the first Millennium (Colebatch, 1977 , Gem, 1996 , Lane, 1995). The site is important as a fort, as it provided defensive arrangements for the community of the time, and led to the changes in social arrangements and conflict in the area at the time (Hummler, 2009). We will write a custom essay sample on Archeological Models for Social Classifications or any similar topic only for you Order Now This essay uses Elmans Service fourfold classifications (Service, 1962) to examine and study the social organization of the South Cadbury hillfort and its environment, with a focus on examining the ways in which the social classification and settlement patterning has influenced the developments in the hillfort. The essay uses chronologically studies in the social classification and settlement patterning of the Cadbury Hillfort site. This discussion is developed over time based on the available archeological evidence, and the relevant changes in the social structure. 2. Discussion The Cadbury Castle is often seen in isolation, although the site has been an area of scientific interest for a long time. The efforts to excavate at the site of South Cadbury have been uneven for the last few decades (Lane, 1995 , Maddicott, 1997). In the recent years, the Arthurian pretext led to a number of excavations, which have shown the importance of the site. The hillfort is a central place of advertising for the Somerset tourism industry due to the cultural importance of the site (Tabor, 2008) and therefore has been excavated heavily. The history of the site is evident by the attempts to form a Camelot park in the 17th century, and therefore, the importance of the site has been a debatable topic for a number of years (Tabor, 2008). The Cadbury Hill has been attributed as a shifting place in the human landscape, and often associated with the shifts in the social structures of the society in different times (Tabor, 2008). For example, the Early and Late-Neolithic ritual pits ha ve been associated with the changes in the summit, where the spine of the Milson’s Corner has m marked the special way in which the hill has changed over time. Research suggests that by the second Millennium BC, the changes in the Cadbury Hill were significant. The open south east and the north was areas on Sigwells provided the human inhabitants with grazing rights through the use of long linear ditches, which are archeologically significant (Tabor, 2008). The social composition of the area shows that they had mundane and basic staple food (Tabor, 2008), which indicates that the early people inhabiting the lands were not highly sophisticated, and therefore the social structure must have been basic and simple (Arnold, 1996). The archeological record also shows the presence of a polished axe, which shows that the by the middle of the second millennium BC, the territorial aspects had changed significantly, and the locals inhabiting the castle were using these to align themselves with other parts of the society. The changes in the ridge of the castle also meant that the on the south ridge, the partially realigned arrangement was set up in the Early Iron Age, where the enclosures has been reserved for particular spaces, and indicated the use of social hierarchy by the inhabitants (Gem, 1996 , Hopetayl.B, 1974). The evidence also suggests that another burial may have been in a slated boat like coffin, which indicated that it was aligned on Glastonbury Tor, which is around 18 km to the North West. These alignments in the archeological studies show the society was aligning itself not only to its internal conditions, but also to the external parties and groups to which it must have been associated with. One of the ridges on the south of Cadbury is the partially realigned scheme, which has persisted from the early Iron Age. This ridge shows that the inhabitants had particular places, which were reserved for the various functions the ridges also show the presence of the different communities, who w ere operating in the different areas, and had a number of social functions. For example, the ridges show that the isolated ditches enclosures had been reserved in a particular areas (Gem, 1996 , Hopetayl.B, 1974). This shows that the social status at that time was based on the different higher places and the lowed places in the building of the site. This also illustrates that the site had a number of different people who were represented in the social circles at the site, leading to different social groups (Service, 1962). The social standing in the society at the first period was based on Paleolithic time, in which the hunter gathers in the society were present at the site. The archeological evidence suggest that at that time, society was sparsely populated, and therefore the competition between humans was significantly low at the site (Tabor, 2008). The archeological evidence also suggests that rock art was found from the site, which indicates that socially, these people were not inclined to any particular field, but mostly focused on farming within the area. The defenses of the fort were also constructed through the early plough of the fields and the castle was actually built on a multilevel hillfort around 400 BC (Tabor, 2008). This castle was again reinforced in the late Bronze age and the Iron Age, where the excavations by Alcock shows that a number of temples and shrines were also present. During this time, the classification of the castle and its inhabitants can be classified as tribal, as sugg ested by Elmand Service (Service, 1962). The castle also shows the presence of religious sites (Tabor, 2008). The presence of religious temples indicates that the social standing of different people in the village was dependent on their religious understanding. This also shows that the site was used by the different religious actors, who had a number of occupations. The society also shows that presence of metal work from the excavations which indicated that by the Roman Army Barracks were also installed at the location (Alcock, 1968 , Alcock, 1969). You read "Archeological Models for Social Classifications" in category "Essay examples" The early excavations indicate towards the roman activity area was significantly busy during the different areas, and led to social exclusion of certain people in the society (Alcock, 1968 , Alcock, 1969). The segment society period of the Cadbury Castle archeology shows that a number of small groups were formulated in the areas, which were working to regulate their own affairs. This was during the bronze period, when the Cadbury Hill archeology shows that social systems were developing (Draper, 2009 , Maddicott, 1997). The changes in the social structure of the Cadbury Hill are also indicated through the presence of the ‘shrine’ on the plateau, and the refurbishing of the defenses of the castle (Tabor, 2008). This was followed by refurbishment of the defenses and the south-west gate, which led to the Westward Corridor of the castle. However, the destruction of the remaining corridor and the gate of the castle shows human trail being visible along the route on the hill and the end of the traditional form of British power and rule in the area (Tabor, 2008) This time can be called a tribal time, in which the people in the time were able to undertake their affairs in the for m of a tribe (Service, 1962).. The period of the Romano-British from the later period of the first century AD is also illustrated in the east of the hill through the archeology of the area. This period saw the presence of the iron age scheme, and the conquest of the landscape in the methodologically planned system of the castle (Tabor, 2008). The social structure at that time related to the use of the forts shows that the societies living in the area were increasingly independent, and were able to develop their own ways of living,. The archeological data also suggest that the groupings in the communities were also clear, as the data shows that they were divided into different groups through the social classification in the castle (Tabor, 2008). The post conquest landscapes in the castle also show that the different constructions, such as Milsoms’s Corner, which was a ditch across the iron age to the Cadbury Hillfort emphasized the degree of the separateness of the different enclosures in the north west are a (Tabor, 2008). This time can be called a Chiefdom time, in which the people in the time were able to undertake their affairs through a central chief, who was looking after the affairs of the people (Service, 1962). There is some evidence to suggest that the continuity of the early medieval period was also witnessed in the Romano-British times. For example, the Milsoms’s Corner and the Sigwelss were remnants of the Romano-British field systems, which were a much less bounded landscape. However, during this time, new isolated enclosures were also created, which indicate the emphasis on the stock rearing rather than on arable agriculture (Tabor, 2008). During this time, it also appears that the social classes in the castle were also increased, which indicates a change in the social system of the area, and was part of the Roman influence on the British society (Alcock, 1971 , Draper, 2009 , Hummler, 2009) This time can be called a state era, in which the people in the time were able to undertake their affairs under the state, through proper governance arrangements (Service, 1962). Recent history suggests that the Mediterranean pottery was also present in the castle, This archeological find s uggests that the trade and commerce was highly important for the inhabitants and therefore the inhabitants were able to use their trading skills to increase their partnerships with the different trading partners (Tabor, 2008). The landscape also suggests that the latter Saxon refurbishments of the castle led to its use during this time. The archeological finds from this time indicate that the social standing of the castle changed, and was based on the medieval system of class, which was the main structure of the castle at that time (Tabor, 2008). 3. Conclusions A number of conclusions can be drawn from this research into the social organization of the South Cadbury Hillfort and its environ. One of the underlying features was that the castle has moved from a classless congregation of people living together to a more functional and structured castle, which is based on a class system, which was governed by the rulers in order to manifest their governance of the castle. The social structure of the castle has changed especially in the Roman period, when the castle appears to have been used as a barrack, and therefore was the center of military power. However, later, the castle has also seen to be used as a Camelot park, which completely changed the environment of the castle, and led to changes in the social structure. The changing social structure indicates that historic changes in the structure of society can be evaluated from the use of archeological techniques. References Alcock, L. 1968. Excavations at South Cadbury Castle, 1967 – Summary Report. Antiquaries Journal, 48, 6-17. Alcock, L. 1969. Excavations at South-Cadbury-Castle, 1968 – Summary Report. Antiquaries Journal, 49, 30-. Alcock, L. 1971. Excavations at South Cadbury Castle 1970 – Summary Report. Antiquaries Journal, 51, 1-. Arnold, C. J. 1996. Cadbury Castle, Somerset – the Early Medieval Archaeology – Alcock,L. Welsh History Review, 18, 1, 144-146. Colebatch, H. 1977. ‘Cadbury Castle, South England’. Poetry Australia, 64, 43-43. Draper, S. 2009. Cadbury Castle. The Hillfort and Landscapes. Medieval Archaeology, 53, 434-435. Gem, R. 1996. Cadbury Castle, Somerset: The Early Medieval Archaeology – Alcock,L, Stevenson,Sj, Musson,Cr. Speculum-a Journal of Medieval Studies, 71, 4, 926-927. Hopetayl.B 1974. By South Cadbury Is That Camelot †¦ – Excavations at Cadbury Castle 1966-70 – Alcock,L. Antiquity, 48, 189, 72-73. Hummler, M. 2009. Cadbury Castle: The Hillfort and Landscapes. Antiquity, 83, 319, 242-245. Lane, A. 1995. Cadbury-Castle, Somerset – the Early Medieval Archaeology – Alcock,L. Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies, 30, 137-140. Maddicott, J. R. 1997. Cadbury Castle, Somerset. The Early Medieval Archaeology – Alcock,L. English Historical Review, 112, 446, 424-425. Service, E. 1962. Primitive Social Organization; an Evolutionary Perspective, London, Random House. Tabor, R. 2008. Cadbury Castle: The Hillfort and Landscapes, London, The History Press. How to cite Archeological Models for Social Classifications, Essay examples

Fasting Plasma Glucose

Questions: 1. Chelsey is a generally healthy individual who is 26 weeks pregnant. She underwent a routine screening to test for gestational diabetes. After performing the OGTT Chelsey was told her plasma glucose level 2 hours after consuming the oral glucose solution was 9mmol/L. How would you diagnose Chelsey and why? 2. The OGTT is one tool for detecting diabetes. Name and describe another test which can be performed to diagnose diabetes. Answers: 1. After an initial glucose challenge test is conducted, such as the one done to Chelsey, a normal individual without the risk of gestational diabetes is supposed to have sugar levels below or between 7.2 mmol/L and 7.8 mmol/L (Renz et al, 2015). Chelsey would require a follow-up glucose tolerance test because her initial glucose challenge test was at high levels. In the follow-up glucose tolerance test, she would have to fast overnight after which, her blood sugar level would be measured. Chelsey would then take a sweet solution with higher glucose concentration. After the drink, her blood sugar level would be checked each hour for 3 hours that would follow. If at least two of the readings indicate blood levels that are greater than normal, she will be diagnosed with gestational diabetes. 2. Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) is another test that may be performed to test diabetes. This test is preferred because it is easy, convenient and less expensive compared to the other tests. According to Sinnott et al (2015), FPG is a blood test which checks an individuals fasting glucose levels when they are fasting. Before the test is carried out, the individual is not allowed to consume anything for a period of at least eight hours. During the test, glucose is taken to lab for analysis. Fasting blood glucose that is normal is supposed to be between 70 mg/dL and 100 mg/dL if the individual does not have diabetes. A standard diagnosis is made after two different blood tests indicate that the levels of fasting blood glucose are more or equal to 126 mg/dL. Works Cited Renz, Paula Breitenbach, et al. "Hba1c Test As A Tool In The Diagnosis Of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus." Plos ONE 10.8 (2015): 1-11. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 May 2016. Sinnott, Margaret, et al. "Fasting Plasma Glucose As Initial Screening For Diabetes And Prediabetes In Adults: The Diabetes Mellitus And Vascular Health Initiative (Dmvhi)." Plos ONE 10.4 (2015): 1-11.

Influencing Consumer Behavior the changing image of fast food

Introduction Fast-Food providers are developing new strategies to penetrate more market. Examples of such strategies include change of menu, remodeling and redesigning of premises, just to mention but a few. This work highlights the recent strategies made by Burger King and McDonald Fast, as well as how they manipulate the perception, attitude, motivation, and personality of customers.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Influencing Consumer Behavior: the changing image of ‘fast food’ specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Burger King’s Strategy Knowing the tastes of their customers, restaurants that provide fast foods have devised marketing strategies that will enable them meet the needs of their customers. While other restaurants are leading the supply of meals that cater for health and fitness of their clients, Burger King is initiating a trend that is new. It is leading in providing its clients with meals whose flavor is comprised of fat and salt. On the other hand, the media and consumer advocacy groups are directing pressure towards McDonald. In response to this criticism, McDonald is providing its clients with health menu offerings that are more healthful. Further more, those clients who want their waistlines trimmed are having their needs being met by other restaurants that are collaborating with organizations such as weight watchers. However, instead of succumbing to such pressure, Burger Kings has moved ahead to find out the kind of customers who eats from its outlets and their exact needs with an intention of ensuring that they are served appropriately (Kurtz, McKenzie and Snow, 2009, p. 156). Although a choice of both the place of eating and what some one should eat may not appear to be a big deal, it entails several factors. Some of the factors that consumers may be influenced with include the cost, what their friends and family members say, where the restaurant is located, the duration the meal takes, and by how the consumers perceive the restaurant and its meals. Burger King had tried to sell low fat menu to its customers on anticipation that it was what they needed. However, the course had to be changed completely. A survey in marketing revealed that 49% of Burger Kings clients were part of the 18% population who had been identified as regular fast food eaters. According to the company executives, 18 – 34 aged men are great sports fans. They have been named Super Fans. They do not only prefer there meals to come along with sauces and meat, but they also prefer it to be served in large portions.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, in a bid to tailor-make a product that suits their needs, Burger King has come up with a new sandwich omelet. The new sandwich omelet is suitable for individuals who would prefer to be gin their day with a hearty breakfast and has seen an improvement of the company’s breakfast sales by about 20% (Kurtz, McKenzie and Snow, 2009, p. 156). Powerful Advertising Besides the new menu items whose target is the Super Fan market, a new promotional strategy has been undertaken by Burger Kings to ensure that its products reach this market. The company had purposed to have a promotional budget that was smaller than that of its rivals. This made it to channel its resources to young men. What followed was a sequence of promotions that were carried out with an attitude. Two adverts were then carried out which enabled Burger Kings to have an 18% increase in its sales volume in comparison to McDonald that registered an increase 7% lower than that of Burger Kings. Since the new promotional method was working greatly, Burger Kings proceeded with another series of adverts through the television and the website. In one of the television adverts, a young man was seen jumping up while maintaining that he was a man. He could then proceed to the Burger King and have a fleshy sandwich. While doing this he could assert that he was too angry that he could not settle for food meant for chicks (Kurtz, McKenzie and Snow, 2009, p. 156). An alternative means that the company has used to penetrate to the market of the Super Fans (young men) has been placing the ads on the mobile websites such as the CBS Sports line where a large number of people who fit the Super Fan profile are reached. Despite stepped up criticisms from various nutrition-based groups, clients like what Burger Kings serves them. Besides, Burger Kings has been able to single out who its clients are, their preferred meals and how to obtain the information from them (Kurtz, McKenzie and Snow, 2009, p. 156). Remodel of Restaurants Burger Kings is the main competitor to McDonald’s (Campbell, 1979, p. 51; Haig, 2006, p. 94). These entail red flame chandeliers that rotate, great television screens an d walls of brick. The move was meant to give Burger Kings the feeling of an upscale restaurant. The move was also expected to cost Franchisees who run a greater portion of Burger King’s business.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Influencing Consumer Behavior: the changing image of ‘fast food’ specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It may take the company several years for the plan to be adopted in all of its locations. There has been a climb in sales for both the restaurants that have been remodeled and those that were torn and have been completely rebuilt. However, the latter have registered a greater improvement in sales than the former. The company has plans to make all new restaurants be built based on the plan. Observers have already noted that the new remodel may appeal more to the Burger Kings’ young men who are more loyal to the company. Although drive through and carry out order s form a greater percentage of the fast – food restaurants’ business, interior remodeling makes them be able to compete with their sit down counterparts who attract more customers as a result of their attractive ambiance and quality meals. This may also enable Burger Kings be able to outdo its greatest competitor, McDonald and other rivals who have began including burgers in their menu so as to gain a share from the ever growing burger market (Royle, 2000, p. 26). Although most of these changes are inside the restaurants, Burger Kings has plans to change the exteriors also with both metal canopies and great advertising signs. Moreover, the company is adjusting its menu by adding cheeseburger to its menu in the United States. This is apart from its decisions to introduce energy cutting broiler ovens. More menu items are to be rolled out in future (Heher, 2010). Burger King’s plan on Beer The plans by Burger King’s to introduce alcoholic beverages came when there were reports that sales from the restaurant industry had declined. The sale of Burger King’s beer is to be done through whooper bars. The company’s move to taste the sale of alcoholic beverages is not a new. This is because during the year before, besides selling coffee and tea, Starbucks was inspired to introduce regional beer and wine. On the hand Spain’s Burger King has been selling beer (Harriman, 2007, p. 56).Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More By launching into the arena of fast-dining dining, Burger King is targeting the population of people aged 30 years and below since, the industry’s growth is mainly dependent on this. However, critics assert that the move could be tricky since most people understand Burger King to be a Fast-Foods dealer (Horovitz, 2010). However, pro-Burger King’s people say that the move to introduce the beer is timely because given the company’s customer is growing old, Burger King is growing with the customer. More so, the company’s challenge lies in training new staff to sell alcohol.Already, Germany, Venezuela and Singapore Burger Kings sell beer. There has yet been no reported improvement in sales due to the company’s move. Besides, Burger Kings plans to deliver all its items with an exception of beer (Horovitz, 2010). Although the introduction of a new product is step in the Category Management Process, its realization is still partial. Most producers still h ave a focus on introduction of new products and this is likely to go on in future. This is because the customers’ acceptance of the new product determines the success or failure of the product introduced (Kracklauer, Mills and Seifert, 2004, p. 166). Burger King’s introduction of beer in the United States may be motivated by the fact that since the customers in Singapore, Germany, and Venezuela use it, the customers in the United States will as well accept its introduction. Producers will therefore remain worried of cooperating with retailers on introductions of new product since this could make their rivals aware and hence minimize their competitive advantage. McDonald’s Strategy The Manhattan McDonald restaurant has been renovated to take after the form of those in the United Kingdom and France. The restaurant has places where laptops can be positioned and the upholstered vinyl chairs have replaced Fiberglass seats that used to be fixed to the floor. Additiona lly, the lighting is subdued and all employees seem to suggest a hip boutique from their black uniforms (The Associated Press, 2009). What makes the restaurant look unique from all others McDonald’s is its beautiful and lounge-like appearance. The new look of the restaurant targets the young people and is meant to make them get relaxed over a newspaper and not feel rushed when in. McDonald’s spokesperson asserted that although most of the company’s 14,000 restaurants had been updated, although in the United States, the Chelsea location was the first to be accorded the urban design. The new look has enabled customers to be able to multitask while in the restaurant. For instance, while eating, one can log his laptop on and do some other tasks. The growth of McDonald’s in Europe can be attributed to not only the redesigning of the restaurants but also to its menu items. The strategy has enabled McDonald’s to record an increase in sales even during the recession (The Associated Press, 2009). There is no difference in menu at Chelsea McDonald’s and that from other locations. Differences are in the way the restaurant has been internally designed and decorated. The restaurant has tables of small size made for small groups of clients who may want to hold informal meetings. One of the McDonald’s New York restaurants has a grand piano displayed to the public. McDonald’s redesigning is not in reaction to any other brand. It is McDonald’s initiative (The Associated Press, 2009). The redesigning concept that McDonald’s has undergone is about the community center phenomenon that is making the McDonald a place where young people can hang out. McDonald’s had to start focusing more on show casing and the eating experience as a way of it coping with the trend of slow – food. Since France took the lead in the redesigning of McDonald, attempts have been made to ensure that its core customers compr ises of not only young adults but also young professionals. Olive and sage green are also to replace the company’s emblematic red and yellow colors (Design Woo, 2010). . The redesigning of McDonald’s enabled the company to introduce three main areas that would enable customers to have more choices. The three areas comprised of comfortable armchairs and sofa sets found in the â€Å"linger area,† the bar-like-zone for customers who prefer to eat alone and the family region that comprises of a colorful and flexible ambience where families can sit and enjoy meals. About seven thousand restaurants in the United States are to undergo rebuilding or modernizing. The company’s approach has been given a three dimensional expansion approach. These include changes in menu, renovation of the stores and a different ordering experience (Design Woo, 2010). Understanding Consumer’s Behavior and Personality Personality is the inner attribute that show how someone re sponds to his/her surrounding (Reynolds and Kamphaus, 2003, p. 53; Lauwers and Swisher, 2010). Particular characteristics, traits and mannerisms constitute inner attributes. Although people may possess similar traits, they cannot have all identical aspects. Since the environmental, circumstantial, socio-cultural, and psychological factors that influence behavior vary, the consumption behavior of customers often varies. Individuals interact with different circumstances and this makes them to manifest different patterns of behavior. There are two main implications for personality aspects in marketing. First, specific behaviors of customers such as the kind of brand that they will buy cannot be anticipated by single measures of their personality traits. Secondly, a different behavior is exhibited by consumers when either their purchase is being observed by other people or when they are making purchases in the company of their friends or relatives (Majumdar, 2010, p. 106). Put in a diff erent way, both situational variables and presence of other people bring about social pressure on the decisions revolving about making product choices. This is due to the interaction between the presence of others and situational variables with the consumer’s personality. Although personality is generally consistent and may depict the uniqueness of an individual, however some major events in life may cause it to change over time. There are two implications for personality on marketing. First, it influences how people may consume a given product or service. This includes its influence on consumers’ brand choices and the response of a consumer to marketing and advertising attempts by the marketer. Secondly, it gives marketers guidelines on hoe they should categorize consumers based on their traits. How McDonald’s strategies match consumer behavior and personality Therefore, cognizance of the trends in consumer behavior and personality patterns, both McDonalds and Burger King’s has devised marketing strategies that fit them. On one hand, McDonald’s has partitioned its new redesigned restaurants into three parts. The comfortable place with sofa sets and armchairs are designed for those clients who may not be in a hurry and prefer eating from comfortable sitting positions. These are consumers with a high need for cognition. This will therefore make them order meals that will enable them linger in this area for a long time. Those customers who prefer eating alone have their own area catered for them. Individuals who prefer eating in the presence of their fellow family members have their family region tailor made for them. There are cases at McDonald’s restaurant in Beijing of young couples or teenagers lingering in the restaurant. This is because they consider the surrounding to romantic for them. Women also tend to stay there for long whether they are alone or in company. Lonely men tend to eat hurriedly and leave. Differen ces in this behavior across gender is said to be due to the absence of alcohol (Counihan, 2008, p. 513). Those clients who would prefer to eat while doing some other task like reading a newspaper or working with their laptops have outfits on eateries where they can do all these tasks from. Customers who prefer music as their hobby have their needs catered for due to the presence of a grand piano that is displayed to people outside through one of the McDonald restaurant’s windows. Use of music has the ability to attract clients with similar traits (Madura, 2006, p. 531). Music has different impacts on the customer. For example, country, western and Classical music can help to enhance ambiance. Slow music can entice clients to linger in the restaurant and eat more for while fast music will enable them eat quickly and leave the store for others (Lamb, Hair and McDaniel, 2007, p. 426). McDonald’ move to introduce a playing ground for children and new items on its menu is a strategy to attract more customers (Bloomberg, 2006; Solomon, 2005, p. 206; Nelson, 2009, p. 96). The move is likely to make more clients come in as families due to presence of places where children can play and then eat. The new menu is meant to reach out to those customers who have different tastes or like making more choices. The use of red and yellow colors serves as a tool of attracting the attention of customers and pulling them to the excitement of its surrounding. The restaurant has also introduced a unique lighting system. Although this can also affect consumer choice behavior, more research is yet to be done to ascertain how this actually takes place (Marshall, 1995, p. 304). How Burger King’s strategies match consumer behavior and personality Burger King’s CEO is known for devising marketing strategies that increase the company’s sales (Pride and Ferrell, 2008, p. 57). Its aggressive advertising through the commercials on television targeting the Sup er Fans saw the company record high sales. The same was also observed through its promotions on websites on mobiles phones. Besides, its recent internal remodeling of its restaurants in most of its locations has also led to an increase in sales. The remodeled image of the internal environment changes the perception of consumers in several ways. First, the appearance is attractive and it has cost Burger King a lot of money. This has given it an executive look that is mainly attractive to the upper class customers who are quick to identify with such a restaurant that matches their economic status for instance the Thailand restaurant (Spooner, Borrowman and Baldwin, 2007). Secondly, the remodeling has given the restaurant a friendly internal ambiance that makes the customers present to linger in for more time. As this happens, they continue to buy more meals from the menu and in the long run increase its sales. Thirdly, the commercials directed to the young men make them feel superior and change their attitude towards the meals offered by the Burger Kings restaurant where they flood to continue buying more. Advertising through the mobile phone websites is also another way of targeting the youth since most of them can access mobile phones. This is also a relevant media of advertising to them (Donovan and Henley, 2010, p. 355; Koplan, 2010, p. 215). This is strategic because it targets the youth who are likely to use the company’s product. The internet is a non-personal form of advertisement that cannot only increase the awareness of clients, but can also persuade them (Madura, 2006, p. 531). Burger King’s promotional efforts have targeted different forms of personalities. Such a category of personalities is the dogmatic personality. This personality is for people who are rigid and do not show a tendency of accepting the choices made or suggested by others (Sahaf, 2008, p. 113). Messages that these consumers are receptive to are those that focus on as pects like factual differences and possible benefits of the products. Therefore, to influence their choices, celebrity endorsements are often used. In ensuring that its promotional message gets to this category of clients, Burger King’s advertising features a young man who asserts to be a man and then goes for the company’s sandwich cheese instead of any other food. Comparisons with other fast-food competitors in influencing consumer behavior In, the above-described firms are among the key multinational-based companies in the fast-food market. Various emerging market companies within the same market provide similar services. Being local does not only mean having a presence that is locally established, but also having a local knowledge that is superior with regard to tastes and differences of consumers within a given region. Survival of local brands is therefore dependent on leveraging of this superiority. By being local, some of the strengths available are reduced prod uction costs, being able to make quick decisions and moves that are pre-emptive, possibility of collaborating with international competitors and that of counterattacking (Batra, 1999, p. 226-227). An example of such a home based fast-food provider in Philippines is Jollibee. It has given McDonald (a global competitor) a great challenge in the home (Philippine) market. 75% of the burger market and 56% of fast food business is owned by Jollibee in its home market where McDonald operates as well. This has been achieved mainly customizing and tailor making its services, delivery standards, and menu to suit the needs of its local customers. This has really attracted many consumers to the firm. It has made it to maintain its market share against McDonald, which has only 19% of the same market (Batra, 1999, p. 227). Additionally, McDonald’s and other competitors, in a bid to increase profits through influencing consumer behavior is their introduction of new menu products which have often led to sales increase (Ferrante, 2008, p. 150). Relationship with theories of Consumer behavior Burger King was following Pavlov’s theory on Classical conditioning, which states that presenting the same stimuli to an organism continuously produces similar repeated response from it (Raji, 2007, p. 33). Therefore, in this case, two kinds of promotions were used as marketing stimuli and after they had led to increased sales, the company decided to use advertising as another marketing stimulus again. On the other hand, B.F. Skinner’s instrumental learning was carried out by placing a cat in closed box. In its attempt to get out of the box, the cat had to press a spring that either released food or let it to move out. By doing this repeatedly, the cat made a distinction between the spring and other levers, making it to keep on pressing it. Slow learning resulted from the reinforcement (Raji, 2007, p. 33). In the same way, the intense advertising done by Barger Kings t o reach out to the young men (Super fans) was done repeatedly in manner that made them make a strong association between the new omelet sandwich and its nutritional significance to those who used it. In addition, the cognitive learning theory states that learning is enhanced when a person’s cognition is restructured according to the problem. The person solves a problem using systematic reasoning and mental activity. When a person encounters a problem, he gathers information that can be used in the formation of both attitude and experience towards the object. For example, using intelligence and problem-solving skills, a consumer can end up buying a product that they have never bought before. Thus, before making a purchasing decision, they will make an evaluation of the psychological, economic, and sociological factors (Raji, 2007, p. 36-37). For example, the remodeling of the McDonald’s restaurants creates a serene and romantic environment to the young people who see it as a facility to address their social needs. In addition, customers purchase newly introduced meals from these fast-food providers since they can attribute the goodness and quality of the previous products to the new ones. Moreover, observational is learning by imitation. It explains how consumers acquire new behavioral patterns by watching what other do and then using it in their own situations (Nelissen, 2002, p. 311). For example, McDonald’s redesigning of the restaurant into an area that is for customers who prefer dining in the presence of others may result observational learning. Some customers may decide on what to eat based on what other customers in the same place are having. In addition, the increase in Burger King’s sales was as a result of young men imitating what they saw from the series of television adverts on its new product – omelet sandwich. Conclusion Most fast-food companies have devised strategies that tend to influence and motivate the cho ices, behavior, and personalities of customers. Burger King has remodeled its restaurant and has introduced some changes on the menu. The company has used television and internet advertising to get its message to the target audience. On the other hand, McDonald’s has rebuilt some of its restaurants with outfits that attract more clients. These include change of color, furnish, menu and introduction of both music and children’s playing ground. All these strategies have led to increase in sales volume for the two companies. This is because they have the ability to manipulate the perceptions, learning, attitude formation, and purchasing behavior of consumers. References List Batra, R. 1999. Marketing Issues in Transitional Economies. Massachusetts: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Bloomberg. 2006. Mickey D’s McMakeover. Web. Available from: http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/06_20/b3984065.htm . Campbell, M.J., 1979. Orange Coast Magazine, Vol. 5, No. 4. NY: E mmis Communications. Web. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?id=Zg0EAAAAMBAJpg=PA51dq=Burger+Kings+has+added+burger+cheese+to+its+menuhl=enei=wAJLTajcDYK28QPa8qjDDwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=3ved=0CDMQ6AEwAg#v=onepageqf=false . Counihan, C., 2008. Food and Culture: a Reader. New York: Routledge. Web. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?id=g34aeDfVIdECpg=PA513dq=McDonald%27s++consumers+can+eat+while+reading+newspapershl=enei=VelKTY6IA4XZ4gap1cW7Cwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=3ved=0CDYQ6AEwAg#v=onepageqf=false . Design Woo. 2010. McDonald’s Redesign: a New Era for Fast-Food Restaurants. Web. Available from: http://www.designwoo.com/2010/10/mcdonalds-redesign-a-new-era-for-fast-food-restaurants/ . Donovan, R. and Henley, N., 2010. Principles and Practice of Social Marketing: An International Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ferrante, J. 2008. Sociology: A global Perspective. Belmont: Thomson Wadsworth. Haig, M., 2006. Brand R oyalty: How the World’s Top 100 Brands Thrive Survive. London: Kogan Page Limited. Harriman, C., 2007. Take Your Kids to Europe: How to Travel Safely (and Sanely) in Europe with Your Children. Guilford: Globe Pequot Press. Heher, A.M., 2010. The Huffington Post: Burger King Plans Edgy, Futuristic Remodel of Restaurants. Web. Available from: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/10/06/burger-king-plans-edgy-fu_n_311830.html . Horovitz, B., 2010. Burger King plans beer-selling Whopper Bar in South Beach. Web. Available from: http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/food/2010-01-21-burger-king-beer_N.htm . Koplan, J. 2010. Progress in preventing childhood obesity: how do we measure up? Washington DC: The National Academies Press. Kracklauer, A. Mills, D. and Seifert, D., 2004. Collaborative customer relationship management: taking CRM to the next level. Boston: Springer. Kurtz, D. McKenzie, H. and Snow, K., 2009. Contemporary Marketing. Ontario: Cengage learning. Lamb, C. Hair, J. and McDaniel, C., 2007. Marketing. Mason: Cengage Learning. Lauwers, J. and Swisher, A., 2010. Counseling the Nursing Mother. Ontario: Jones and Bartlett learning. Madura, J., 2006. Introduction to Business. Mason: Thompson Learning Inc. Majumdar, R., 2010. Consumer Behavior: Insights from Indian Market. New Delhi: PHI Learning. Marshall, D., 1995. Food Choice and the Consumer. London: Blackie Academic and Professional. Nelson, M.K., 2009. Who’s watching? Daily practices of surveillance among contemporary families. Nashville, Tennessee: Vanderbilt University Press. Nelissen, W. 2002. Marketing for suitability: Towards Transactional Policy Making. Amsterdam: IOS Press Pride, W.M. and Ferrell, O.C., 2008. Marketing. Mason: Cengage Learning. Raji, P.T. 2007. Consumers’ buying secrets revealed. Ebookboxs. Web. Available from https://books.google.com/books?id=hPpF5fKdeAUCpg=PA33dq=classical+conditioning+theory+marketinghl=enei=doxfTdDaJsKK5Ab94Ky9CQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=res ultresnum=6ved=0CEUQ6AEwBQ#v=onepageq=classical%20conditioning%20theory%20marketingf=false . Reynolds, C.R. and Kamphaus, R.W., 2003. Handbook of psychological and educational assessment of children. NY: Guilford Press. Royle, T., 2000. Working for McDonald’s in Europe: the Unequal Struggle. New York: Routledge. Sahaf, M.A., 2008. Strategic Marketing: Making Decisions for Strategic Advantage. New Delhi: Prentice-Hall of India. Solomon, S.G., 2005. American playgrounds: Revitalizing Community Space. Lebanon: University Press of New England. Spooner, A. Borrowman, H. and Baldwin, W., 2007. Thailand. NY: Foot prints Travel Guides. The Associated Press. 2009. Foreign operation methods: theory, analysis, strategy. Web. Available from: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/34019334/ns/business-us_business/ . This assessment on Influencing Consumer Behavior: the changing image of ‘fast food’ was written and submitted by user Brotherhood of Evil Mutants to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.